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5.4.1 Processors in General

Many of the most common processors are members of families of related devices. In some cases, the members of such a processor family represent points along an evolutionary path. The most obvious example is intel's 80x86 family, which spans from the original 8086 to the Pentium II — and beyond. In fact, the 80x86 family has been so successful that it has spawned an entire industry of imitators.

As it is used in this book, the term processor refers to any of three types of devices known as microprocessors, microcontrollers, and digital signal processors. The name microprocessor is usually reserved for a chip that contains a powerful CPU that has not been designed with any particular computation in mind. These chips are usually the foundation of personal computers and high-end workstations. The most common microprocessors are members of Motorola's 68k — found in older Macintosh computers — and the ubiquitous 80x86 families.

A microcontroller is very much like a microprocessor, except that it has been designed specifically for use in embedded systems. Microcontrollers typically include a CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM, ROM, or both), and other peripherals in the same integrated circuit. If you purchase all of these items on a single chip, it is possible to reduce the cost of an embedded system substantially. Among the most popular microcontrollers are the 8051 and its many imitators and Motorola's 68HCxx series. It is also common to find microcontroller versions of popular microprocessors. For example, Intel's 386EX is a microcontroller version of the very successful 80386 microprocessor.

The final type of processor is a digital signal processor, or DSP. The CPU within a DSP is specially designed to perform discrete-time signal processing calculations — like those required for audio and video communications — extremely fast. Because DSPs can perform these types of calculations much faster than other processors, they offer a powerful, low-cost microprocessor alternative for designers of modems and other telecommunications and multimedia equipment. Two of the most common DSP families are the TMS320Cxx and 5600x series from TI and Motorola, respectively.


5.4 Get to Know the Processor | Programming Embedded Systems in C and C++ | 5.4.2 Intels 80188EB Processor